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1 ordinary
'o:dənəri1) (usual; normal: She was behaving in a perfectly ordinary manner.) vanlig, normal2) (not unusually good etc: Some people like his poetry but I think it's rather ordinary.) ordinær, gjennomsnittlig•- out of the ordinaryalminnelig--------ordinær--------sedvanligIsubst. \/ˈɔːdnrɪ\/, \/ˈɔːdɪn(ə)rɪ\/1) ( kirke eller jus) ordinarius (embetsmann, spesielt biskop, med jurisdiksjon innenfor sitt distrikt)2) forklaring: rituale for gudstjeneste eller messe (den faste delen som ikke forandres fra dag til dag)3) ( religion) ritualbok (bok med forskrifter og bønneformularer)4) ( handel) stamaksje5) ( heraldikk) (enklere) heroldsfigurer, (enklere) heraldiske figurer (på våpenskjold)6) ( historisk) fengselsprest (som bistår dødsdømte)7) (om sykler, hovedsaklig amer.) veltepetter8) ( gammeldags) dagens rett, table d'hôte9) ( gammeldags) vertshusabove the ordinary utover det vanlige\/normaleevne\/begavelse\/talent langt utover det vanlige\/normalein ordinary ( om skip) i opplagout of the ordinary utover det vanlige, helt spesielt, usedvanligphysician in ordinary to His\/Her Majestyse ➢ physicianIIadj. \/ˈɔːdnrɪ\/, \/ˈɔːdɪn(ə)rɪ\/1) ordinær, alminnelig, vanlig2) (parlamentarisk, handel) ordinær3) sedvanlig, normal4) jevn, middels, middelmådig5) (jus, religion) forklaring: som utøver makt i kraft av sin stilling eller posisjon (om britiske biskoper eller dommere)in ordinary life se ➢ life -
2 occasion
ə'keiʒən1) (a particular time: I've heard him speak on several occasions.) anledning, tidspunkt2) (a special event: The wedding was a great occasion.) anledning, begivenhet•- occasionallyanledning--------grunn--------høveIsubst. \/əˈkeɪʒ(ə)n\/1) anledning, leilighet, høve2) (viktig) begivenhet, tilstelning, anledning, stor hendelse3) grunn, anledning, (medvirkende) årsakas occasion requires etter behovas occasion serves ved passende anledningfind (an) occasion to do something eller find (an) occasion for doing something få anledning til å gjøre noefrom occasion to occasion fra gang til ganggive occasion to gi anledning tilif occasion serves om det passerimprove the occasion utnytte situasjonenmake the most of the occasion utnytte situasjonenoccasions forretninger, ærender( gammeldags) fornødenheteron occasion nå og da, ved behov, leilighetsvison ordinary occasions eller on ordinary days til hverdagson the occasion of i anledning avon the slightest occasion ( gammeldags) ved den minste anledningprofit by the occasion benytte seg av anledningenrise to the occasion eller be equal to the situation være situasjonen voksen vise hva man duger tilshould the occasion arise eller if occasion should arise dersom anledningen skulle by seg, ved behovtake occasion by the forelock gripe sjansentake occasion to ( gammeldags) benytte anledningen tilwhen occasion offers når anledningen byr seg, ved anledningIIverb \/əˈkeɪʒ(ə)n\/forårsake, volde, foranledige, gi anledning tiloccasion somebody to do something foranledige noen til å gjøre noe -
3 day
dei 1. noun1) (the period from sunrise to sunset: She worked all day; The days are warm but the nights are cold.) dag2) (a part of this period eg that part spent at work: How long is your working day?; The school day ends at 3 o'clock; I see him every day.) arbeidsdag, skoledag3) (the period of twenty-four hours from one midnight to the next: How many days are in the month of September?) døgn4) ((often in plural) the period of, or of the greatest activity, influence, strength etc of (something or someone): in my grandfather's day; in the days of steam-power.) dager, tid; epoke•- daybreak- day-dream 2. verbShe often day-dreams.) dagdrømme, fantasere- daylight- day school
- daytime
- call it a day
- day by day
- day in
- day out
- make someone's day
- one day
- some day
- the other daydagsubst. \/deɪ\/1) dag, datohele dagen \/ dagen lang• what day of the month is it (today)?• what day (of the week) is it?2) ( også day and night) døgn3) (ofte flertall: days) tid, tidsalder, periode, glansperiode4) dagsreise5) vær• what sort of day is it?6) konkurranse, slag, seier7) ( bygg) fag (del av et vindu)8) ( mineralogi) dag(brudd)against a rainy day for\/til dårligere tiderall in a\/the day's work ( hverdagslig) noe som hører til, noe en er vant tilany day ( hverdagslig) når som helst, snartat break of day ved daggry, i grålysningenat the end of the day ( overført) når alt kommer til alt, når det kommer til stykketat the last day ( religion) på den ytterste dagat the present day på det nåværende tidspunkt, i vår tidat this time of day se ➢ time, 1before day før dagens frembrudd, før dagen gryrby day eller in the day om dagencall it a day ( hverdagslig) være nok, ta kvelden• let's\/we'll call it a daybe come day, go day ta lett på saker og tingday after day dag etter dag, dag ut og dag inn a\/theday after the fair for sent, post festumthe day after tomorrow i overmorgenthe day before yesterday i forgårsday by day eller by the day dag for dag, dagligday in, day out eller day in and day out dag ut og dag inna day of rejoicing en gledesdag, en gledens dagthe day of wrath vredens dagday one begynnelse, første stunddays (som adv., spesielt amer.) på dagtidday's work et dagsverkearly closing day dag hvor man har ettermiddagsstengt, dag hvor man stenger tidliga fair day's wage for a fair day's work hederlig lønn for hederlig arbeidfall on evil days komme ut for fattigdom og nødfor days on end i dagevis, flere dager i strekk, flere dager på radforever and a day ( hverdagslig) i det uendelige, til kjedsommelighetfrom day to day fra dag til dag, dag for daggive someone the time of day se ➢ time, 1have one's days stå på høyden, være i sine glansdagerhe who fights and runs away lives to fight another day mannen som flykter, kan atter kjempeif somebody is a day så sikkert som bare detin all my born days i hele mitt livin somebody's day(s) på noens tid, under noens glansdagerin the early days of something i tidlige tider av noein the good old days i gode, gamle dagerin this day and age i våre dager, i vår tidjust one of those days en skikkelig ulykkesdag• it's just one of those days!live from day to day leve for dagen, ta en dag om gangenmake someone's day være dagens høydepunkt for noen ( hverdagslig) ødelegge dagen for noen• go ahead, make my day!bare gjør det, dagen var allikevel ødelagt!name the day ( vanligvis om bryllup) bestemme dagof the day dagens• what's your soup of the day?one (fine) day en (vakker) dag (i fortiden eller fremtiden)one of these (fine) days en dag, en vakker dagone of those days en slik dag da alt går galton ordinary days eller on ordinary occasions til hverdagspass the time of day (with) se ➢ time, 1pay by the day betale per dag, betale fra dag til dagsave the day redde situasjonensee its best days se sine beste dagersee the day when være med på den tiden nårseize the day gripe dagensome day en dag, en gang (i fremtiden), en vakker dagthat'll be the day! jeg synes jeg ser det!, det vil jeg se først! det ser jeg frem til!, det blir skjønt!the other day her om dagenthese days nå for tidenthis day fortnight (om) fjorten dager i dagthis day week (om) åtte dager i dagthose were the days! det var (andre) tider (det)!, det var den gang!to a day (akkurat) på dagento the day på dagento this day hittil, helt til i dagwithout day på ubestemt tid -
4 standard
standard ['stændəd]1 noun∎ to have high/low standards (of person) être exigeant/ne pas être exigeant; (of school) exiger un bon niveau/ne pas exiger un bon niveau;∎ he sets high standards for himself il est très exigeant avec lui-même;∎ a high standard of playing/academic achievement un niveau de jeu/de réussite scolaire élevé;∎ your work isn't up to standard or is below standard votre travail laisse à désirer;∎ to be up to/below standard être du/en dessous du niveau requis;∎ most of the goods are or come up to standard la plupart des marchandises sont de qualité satisfaisante;∎ she's an Olympic standard swimmer c'est une nageuse de niveau olympique;∎ it's a difficult task by any standard or by anybody's standards c'est indiscutablement une tâche difficile;∎ we apply the same standards to all candidates nous jugeons tous les candidats selon les mêmes critères;∎ their only standard of success is money leur unique critère de réussite, c'est l'argent;∎ we don't have the same aesthetic standards nous n'avons pas les mêmes valeurs esthétiques;∎ standard of living niveau m de vie(b) (official specification, norm) norme f;∎ to set quality standards for a product fixer des normes de qualité pour un produit;∎ to comply with or to meet government standards être conforme aux normes établies par le gouvernement;∎ their salaries are low by European standards leurs salaires sont bas par rapport aux salaires européens;∎ high safety standards des règles de sécurité très strictes;∎ standards and practices normes et usages(c) (moral principle) principe m;∎ I won't do it! I have my standards! je ne le ferai pas! j'ai des principes!;∎ to have high moral standards avoir de grands principes moraux∎ a jazz standard un classique du jazz, un standard∎ I can't drive a standard je ne sais conduire que les voitures à boîte de vitesse automatique∎ figurative under the standard of Liberty sous l'étendard de la liberté∎ they come in three standard sizes ils existent en trois tailles standard;∎ catalytic converters are now standard features les pots catalytiques sont désormais la norme;∎ headrests are standard or are fitted as standard les appuis-têtes sont montés en série;∎ the standard return fare is $500 l'aller-retour au tarif normal coûte 500 dollars;∎ what's the standard tip? que laisse-t-on normalement comme pourboire?;∎ there's a standard procedure for reporting accidents il y a une procédure bien établie pour signaler les accidents;∎ any standard detergent will do n'importe quel détergent usuel fera l'affaire;∎ it was just a standard hotel room c'était une chambre d'hôtel ordinaire;∎ the cooking is fairly standard la cuisine n'a rien de sensationnel;∎ she has a standard speech for such occasions elle a un discours tout prêt pour ce genre d'occasions;∎ one of his standard jokes une de ses plaisanteries habituelles(b) (measure → metre, kilogramme etc) étalon (inv)(c) (text, work) classique, de base;∎ the standard works in English poetry les ouvrages classiques de la poésie anglaise;∎ it's the standard work on the Reformation c'est l'ouvrage de base sur la Réforme►► standard bearer (of cause) porte-drapeau m; (of political party) chef m de file; (of flag) porte-étendard m;standards catalogue catalogue m de normes;standards committee organisme m de normalisation;standards conversion (in broadcasting) transcodage m;standards converter (in broadcasting) transcodeur m;standard deviation (in statistics) écart-type m;standard document document m type;standard English l'anglais m standard;standard error (in statistics) écart-type m;Railways standard gauge voie f normale, écartement m normal;Scottish School Standard grade = premier examen de fin de scolarité en Écosse, équivalent du GCSE anglais;British standard lamp lampadaire m (de salon);standard operating procedure = marche à suivre normale;standard practice pratique f courante;standard rate (of tax) taux m standard;Botany standard rose rose f tige;Marketing standard sample échantillon m modèle;standard time heure f légale -
5 special
'speʃəl
1. adjective1) (out of the ordinary; un-usual or exceptional: a special occasion; a special friend.) especial, extraordinario2) (appointed, arranged, designed etc for a particular purpose: a special messenger; a special tool for drilling holes.) específico, particular
2. noun(something which is special: There's a special (= a special train) due through here at 5.20.) especial- speciality
- specialize
- specialise
- specialization
- specialisation
- specialized
- specialised
- specially
special adj1. especial2. extraordinariotr['speʃəl]1 (not ordinary or usual) especial; (exceptional) extraordinario,-a■ what's so special about today? ¿qué tiene hoy de especial?2 (specific) específico,-a, particular■ my special interest is... mi interés particular es...■ a special tool for... una herramienta especial para...1 (train) tren nombre masculino especial2 (TV programme) programa nombre masculino especial3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (special offer) oferta especial\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLon special de ofertatoday's special plato del díaspecial agent agente nombre masulino o femenino secreto,-aSpecial Branch SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL Servicio de Seguridad del Estadospecial edition edición nombre femenino especial, número especial, número extraordinariospecial effects efectos nombre masculino plural especialesspecial issue extraordinariospecial licence dispensa matrimonialspecial offer oferta (especial)Special Olympics Juegos Paralímpicos nombre masculino pluralspecial powers poderes nombre masculino plural extraordinariosspecial school escuela especialspecial ['spɛʃəl] adj: especialnothing special: nada en especial, nada en particular♦ specially advadj.• especial adj.• extraordinario, -a adj.n.• número extraordinario s.m.• oferta extraordinaria s.f.• plato del día s.m.
I 'speʃəla) ( exceptional) (before n) <favor/request> especiala special price — un precio especial or de ocasión
what's so special about Steve? — ¿qué tiene Steve de especial?
b) ( for specific purpose) (before n) <arrangements/fund> especialspecial powers — ( Govt) poderes mpl extraordinarios
c) (particular, individual) especial, particularmy special interest is medieval poetry — me interesa especialmente or en especial or en particular la poesía medieval
children with special needs — ( Educ) niños que requieren una atención diferenciada
what are you doing tonight? - nothing special — ¿qué haces esta noche? - nada en especial
II
1) ( train) tren m especial3)a) ( Culin) plato m especialthe chef's special — especialidad f del día
b) ( special offer) oferta f especial['speʃǝl]on special — (AmE) de or en oferta
1. ADJ1) (=important, exceptional) [occasion, day, permission, price, attention, diet] especial•
what's so special about that? — y eso ¿qué tiene de especial?•
is there anyone special in your life? — ¿hay alguien especial en tu vida?•
special arrangements will be made for disabled people — se tomarán medidas especiales para las personas discapacitadas•
to take special care of sth — cuidar especialmente de algo•
to make a special effort to do sth — esforzarse especialmente or hacer un esfuerzo extra para hacer algo•
you're extra special — tú eres lo mejor de lo mejor•
to make sb feel special — hacer que algn se sienta especial•
his special interest was always music — siempre tuvo especial interés por la música•
there's nothing special about being a journalist — ser periodista no tiene nada de especialit's nothing special * — no es nada especial, no es nada del otro mundo
•
I've cooked something special for dinner — he preparado algo especial para cenar•
she's very special to us — la apreciamos mucho2) (=specific) especial•
have you any special date in mind? — ¿tienes en mente alguna fecha concreta or en particular or en especial?•
is there anything special you would like? — ¿hay algo que quieras en especial?•
I had no special reason for suspecting him — no tenía ningún motivo en especial para sospechar de él"why do you say that?" - "oh, no special reason" — -¿por qué dices eso? -por nada en especial
•
I've no-one special in mind — no tengo en mente a nadie en concreto or en especial•
"what are you doing this weekend?" - " nothing special" — -¿qué haces este fin de semana? -nada (en) especial or nada en particular•
Britain has its own special problems — Gran Bretaña tiene sus propios problemas particulares3) (Brit)iro (=strange)to be a bit special — [person] ser un poco especial
2. N1) (=train) tren m especial; (TV, Rad) programa m especial; (=newspaper) número m extraordinariothe chef's special, today's special — la especialidad del día
2) (US) * (=special offer) oferta f especial•
to be on special — estar de oferta3) (Brit) * (=special constable) ciudadano que en determinadas ocasiones realiza funciones de policía3.CPDspecial adviser N — consejero(-a) m / f de asuntos extraordinarios
special agent N — agente mf especial
Special Air Service N — (Brit) regimiento del ejército británico que se especializa en operaciones clandestinas
Special Branch N — (Brit) Servicio m de Seguridad del Estado
special constable N — (Brit) ciudadano que en ciertas ocasiones realiza funciones de policía
special correspondent N — corresponsal mf especial
special delivery N — correo m exprés
special edition N — edición f especial
special education N — educación f especial
special educational needs NPL — necesidades fpl educativas especiales
special effects NPL — efectos mpl especiales
special interest group N — grupo m de presión que persigue un tema específico
special investigator N — investigador(a) m / f especial
special jury N — jurado m especial
special licence N — (Brit) (Jur) permiso especial para contraer matrimonio sin cumplir los requisitos legales normalmente necesarios
special needs NPL —
children with special needs, special needs children — niños que requieren una atención diferenciada
special offer N — (Comm) oferta f especial, oferta f de ocasión
special school N — colegio m de educación especial
special student N — (US) (at university) oyente mf libre
special subject N — (at school, university) optativa f ; (advanced) asignatura f especializada
* * *
I ['speʃəl]a) ( exceptional) (before n) <favor/request> especiala special price — un precio especial or de ocasión
what's so special about Steve? — ¿qué tiene Steve de especial?
b) ( for specific purpose) (before n) <arrangements/fund> especialspecial powers — ( Govt) poderes mpl extraordinarios
c) (particular, individual) especial, particularmy special interest is medieval poetry — me interesa especialmente or en especial or en particular la poesía medieval
children with special needs — ( Educ) niños que requieren una atención diferenciada
what are you doing tonight? - nothing special — ¿qué haces esta noche? - nada en especial
II
1) ( train) tren m especial3)a) ( Culin) plato m especialthe chef's special — especialidad f del día
b) ( special offer) oferta f especialon special — (AmE) de or en oferta
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6 special
adjectivespeziell; besonder...; Sonder[korrespondent, -zug, -mission usw.]* * *['speʃəl] 1. adjective2) (appointed, arranged, designed etc for a particular purpose: a special messenger; a special tool for drilling holes.) Spezial-...2. noun(something which is special: There's a special (= a special train) due through here at 5.20.) der Sonderzug- academic.ru/69297/specialist">specialist- speciality
- specialize
- specialise
- specialization
- specialisation
- specialized
- specialised
- specially* * *spe·cial[ˈspeʃəl]I. adj1. (more) besondere(r, s)to be in need of \special attention ganz besondere Aufmerksamkeit verlangento attach \special significance to sth etw dat besondere Bedeutung beimessen2. (unusual) besondere(r, s)what's so \special about that? na und?, das ist doch nichts Besonderes!\special aptitude besondere Fähigkeit\special case Ausnahme fto be a \special case ein Ausnahmefall sein\special character außergewöhnlicher Charakter\special charm ungewöhnlicher Charme\special circumstances außergewöhnliche Umstände\special needs spezielle Bedürfnisseon \special occasions zu besonderen Gelegenheiten\special order Sonderauftrag mto \special order auf Sonderbestellungnothing \special nichts Besonderes3. (dearest) beste(r, s)Linda is my \special friend Linda ist meine beste Freundin▪ to be \special to sb jdm sehr viel bedeuten4. (characteristic) speziellto do sth one's own \special way etw auf seine/ihre eigene Weise machencould I ask you a \special favour? könnte ich dich um einen ganz besonderen Gefallen bitten?\special assignment Sonderauftrag m\special clinic Spezialklinik f\special committee Sonderausschuss m\special deputy Sonderbeauftragte(r) f(m)\special session Sondersitzung f\special staff Fachkräfte pl\special train Sonderzug ma \special privilege ein besonderes Privileg\special rates besondere Tarifeto get \special treatment bevorzugt behandelt werden\special agent Sonderbevollmächtigte(r) f(m)II. nwhat do you have on \special today? was steht heute auf der Speisekarte?▪ \specials Sonderangebote pl* * *['speSəl]1. adj1) besondere(r, s); (= specific) purpose, use, person, date bestimmt, speziell; (= exceptional) friend, favour, occasion speziellI have no special person in mind — ich habe eigentlich an niemanden Bestimmtes gedacht
in this one special instance — in diesem einen Fall
take special care of it — passen Sie besonders gut darauf auf
he expects special treatment — er will besonders behandelt werden, er will eine Extrawurst gebraten haben (inf)
this is rather a special day for me —
he's a very special person to her, he's very special to her —
you're extra special! (inf) — du bist was ganz Besonderes! (inf)
what's so special about her/the house? — was ist denn an ihr/an dem Haus so besonders?
what's so special about that? — na und? (inf), das ist doch nichts Besonderes!
everyone has his special place — jeder hat seinen eigenen Platz
to feel special — sich als etwas ganz Besonderes vorkommen
make him feel special — seien Sie besonders nett zu ihm
2) (= out of the ordinary) Sonder-, besondere(r, s)3) (= specialized) speziell, Spezial-4) (inf: separate) place, book etc gesondert2. n2) (TV, RAD) Sonderprogramm nt; (PRESS = edition) Sonder- or Extraausgabe f3) (= train) Sonderzug mchef's special — Spezialität f des Küchenchefs
5) (pej inf* * *special [ˈspeʃl]1. speziell, (ganz) besonder(er, e, es):is there any special reason for it? gibt es dafür einen besonderen Grund?2. speziell, Spezial…, Fach…:this is too special das ist zu speziell3. a) Sonder…:special marker SPORT Sonderbewacher(in);special waste Sondermüll mb) Extra…, Ausnahme…:special constable → B a;special correspondent → B e;special edition → B c4. speziell, bestimmt:on special days an bestimmten Tagena) Hilfspolizist(in)b) Sonderzug mc) Sonderausgabe f, Extrablatt nd) Sonderprüfung fe) Sonderberichterstatter(in)f) RADIO, TV Special n, Sondersendung fg) WIRTSCH US Sonderangebot n:on special im Angebotsp. abk1. special spez.2. species3. specific spezif.4. specimenspec. abk1. special (specially) spez., bes2. speculation* * *adjectivespeziell; besonder...; Sonder[korrespondent, -zug, -mission usw.]* * *adj.Extra- präfix.Sonder- präfix.Spezial- präfix.besonderer adj.besonderes adj.besonders adj.extra adj.speziell adj. -
7 cool as a cucumber
шутл.совершенно невозмутимый, спокойный, не теряющий хладнокровия (ср. и в ус не дует, и глазом не моргнёт) [первонач. as cold as cucumbers; впервые встречается в пьесе Ф. Бомонта и Дж. Флетчера ‘Cupid's Revenge’, 1615: young maids were as cold as cucumbers; более поздний вариант as cool as a cucumber впервые встречается в книге стихов Дж. Гея (J. Gay, 1685-1732) ‘Poems on Several Occasions’, ‘New Song on New Similes’, 1720: I... cool as a cucumber could see The rest of womankind]John: "...I wouldn't for a moment suggest that there'll be anything between you, but it's inevitable that ordinary persons should think there was." Constance (as cool as a cucumber): "I've always thought that ordinary... persons had more sense than the clever ones are ready to credit them with." (W. S. Maugham, ‘The Constant Wife’, act 3) — Джон: "...Я далек от мысли, что между вами что-то есть, но обыватели могут это подумать." Констанция (совершенно невозмутимо): "Я всегда считала, что... у обывателей больше здравого смысла, чем думают иные умники."
This morning they were all back on their jobs, the Chinese cook and all. There they were, as cool as cucumbers; you would have thought they owned the place. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Complete Short Stories’, ‘The Outstation’) — Сегодня утром все они опять были на местах - повар-китаец и прочие. И все - как ни в чем не бывало. Можно подумать, что они у себя дома.
‘...I saw the Monster's head.’ ‘Weren't you terribly thrilled?’ ‘Not a bit. I was as cool as a cucumber.’ (C. Mackenzie, ‘Hunting the Fairies’, ch. 3) — -...я видел голову чудовища. - Вы, наверное, были ужасно заинтригованы? - Ничуть. Даже глазом не моргнул.
-
8 special
['speʃəl] 1. adjective1) (out of the ordinary; un-usual or exceptional: a special occasion; a special friend.) poseben2) (appointed, arranged, designed etc for a particular purpose: a special messenger; a special tool for drilling holes.) poseben2. noun(something which is special: There's a special (= a special train) due through here at 5.20.) poseben (...)- speciality
- specialize
- specialise
- specialization
- specialisation
- specialized
- specialised
- specially* * *I [spéšəl]adjective ( specially adverb)(prav) poseben, specialen; izreden, nenavaden, izjemen, nesplošen; izvrsten; specializiran; določenspecial bargain commerce posebna ponudbaspecial delivery American ekspresna dostava pismaspecial dividend — ekstra dividenda, bonusspecial licence — posebno dovoljenje za poroko, s katerim se le-ta lahko opravi brez večjih formalnosti in v kratkem času; poročno dovoljenje brez oklicev v cerkvispecial partner economy komanditistspecial pleader juridically pravnik (odvetnik), ki se bavi z izrednimi primerispecial steel technical specialno, plemenito jeklospecial subject — specialno področje zanimanja, preučevanjaspecial verdict — odločitev (sklep) porote, s katerim se dejstva sprejmejo kot resnična, toda se prepušča sodišču, da iz njih potegne zaključkedo you want any special kind? — želite kaj čisto določenega?II [spéšəl]nounposebni vlak; posebna izdaja (časopisa); posebni poročevalec; pomožni policist -
9 Javanese Batik Prints
These are mostly used by both men and women for shirts or loin cloths. There are three kinds of Javanese batik prints: (1) The sarong or Kain Kapala; (2) the Kain Pandjang (or Jarit in Central Java); and (3) the Dodot, which is variously of silk or cotton. The sarong differs from the Kain Pandjang in having its ends sewn together, and in having a triangular device (the Kapala, a term meaning " head ") on that part of the cloth which covers the left hip. These two are for ordinary wear, while the dodot, a much longer cloth than the others, is worn on ceremonial occasions (see Batik). The batik industry was introduced into Java about A.D. 400 There is very little difference between jeans and jeanettes. Many makers make no distinction at all (see Jeans)Dictionary of the English textile terms > Javanese Batik Prints
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10 Samite
SAMITE, SAMIT, SAMITA, SCIAMITUMThe most expensive, most fashionable and most often mentioned fabric of the Middle Ages, silk warp in red or green and gold weft in brocades. It was chiefly dedicated to sacred uses, and constituted many of the rich official habits of the clergy. The Norman monarchs, nobility and ladies of high rank also used it on special occasions, when more than ordinary display of pomp was required. The stuff was mostly of silk interwoven with gold and silver and embroidered in the most gorgeous manner. Also mentioned by old writers as Samittum, Somitum, Samilis, Seyamitum, Zamitum or Exametum. -
11 Samit
SAMITE, SAMIT, SAMITA, SCIAMITUMThe most expensive, most fashionable and most often mentioned fabric of the Middle Ages, silk warp in red or green and gold weft in brocades. It was chiefly dedicated to sacred uses, and constituted many of the rich official habits of the clergy. The Norman monarchs, nobility and ladies of high rank also used it on special occasions, when more than ordinary display of pomp was required. The stuff was mostly of silk interwoven with gold and silver and embroidered in the most gorgeous manner. Also mentioned by old writers as Samittum, Somitum, Samilis, Seyamitum, Zamitum or Exametum. -
12 Samita
SAMITE, SAMIT, SAMITA, SCIAMITUMThe most expensive, most fashionable and most often mentioned fabric of the Middle Ages, silk warp in red or green and gold weft in brocades. It was chiefly dedicated to sacred uses, and constituted many of the rich official habits of the clergy. The Norman monarchs, nobility and ladies of high rank also used it on special occasions, when more than ordinary display of pomp was required. The stuff was mostly of silk interwoven with gold and silver and embroidered in the most gorgeous manner. Also mentioned by old writers as Samittum, Somitum, Samilis, Seyamitum, Zamitum or Exametum. -
13 Sciamitum
SAMITE, SAMIT, SAMITA, SCIAMITUMThe most expensive, most fashionable and most often mentioned fabric of the Middle Ages, silk warp in red or green and gold weft in brocades. It was chiefly dedicated to sacred uses, and constituted many of the rich official habits of the clergy. The Norman monarchs, nobility and ladies of high rank also used it on special occasions, when more than ordinary display of pomp was required. The stuff was mostly of silk interwoven with gold and silver and embroidered in the most gorgeous manner. Also mentioned by old writers as Samittum, Somitum, Samilis, Seyamitum, Zamitum or Exametum. ————————SCIAMITO, SCIAMITUMMentioned by old Italian authors as a rich silk fabric. Possibly " samit." -
14 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV
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